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<P align="justify"> Scandinavian lan … <P align="justify"> Scandinavian languages: Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Islandic and Faroese. Swedish and Norwegian in particular still continue to exert a strong influence on the [[Modern Saami languages|Saami languages]]. The stratum of Scandinavian loan words which are common to the Saami languages goes back to Proto-Scandinavian, and it is fairly extensive, amounting to several hundred words. Proto-Scandinavian load words can be distinguished from Proto-Germanic borrowings according to phonetic criteria that describe how the sounds of [[Proto-Germa|Proto-Germanic]] and Proto-Scandinavian were represented in Saami, and to a lesser extent from sound changes within the Germanic languages. Among the most important sound changes that took place with Saami under the influence of Proto-Germanic and Proto-Scandinavian are the earliest vowel shifts in the first syllable in [[Proto-Saami|Proto-Saami]] (e.g. <i>a</i> > <i>ō</i> (> <i>uo</i>)) and the change of the sibilant <i>?</i> to <i>s</i>. In borrowings from Proto-Scandinavian, a source a usually corresponds to a long <i>ā</i>, as in the words <i>bárdni</i> 'son, boy' (cf. Swedish <i>barn</i> 'child') and <i>láddi</i> 'peasant' (cf. Swedish <i>land</i> 'land'), but for example later consonant changes in western Saami (-<i>rn</i>- > -<i>rdn</i>- and -<i>nd</i>- > -<i>dd</i>-) have taken place in the same way as in the original words. Some further examples of Saami borrowings from Proto-Scandinavian are:
* <i>áibmu</i> 'air, dwelling',
* <i>ákšu</i> 'axe',
* <i>arbi</i> 'legacy',
* <i>biergu</i> 'flesh',
* <i>datni</i> 'tin',
* <i>gáhku</i> 'bread',
* <i>gávdi</i> 'thing',
* <i>láidet</i> 'to lead',
* <i>lávgut</i> 'to bathe',
* <i>mánnu</i> 'moon, month',
* <i>niibi</i> 'knife',
* <i>nuorti</i> 'east',
* <i>ráidu</i> 'caravan',
* <i>sáidi</i> 'coalfish',
* <i>sávza</i> 'sheep' and
* <i>vuosta</i> 'cheese'.</P>;i>vuosta</i> 'cheese'.</P> +
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