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<p align="justify">Research into the … <p align="justify">Research into the Saami languages and culture is carried out in numerous universities in the Nordic countries, particularly in Finland, where today it is possible to study the Saami language and culture in the Universities of Helsinki, Oulu and Lapland (Rovaniemi). The Research Institute for the Languages of Finland is responsible for the administration of, and research into, the languages spoken in the country: Finnish, Swedish, Romany, sign language and the Saami languages that are spoken in Finland.</p>
<p align="justify">The longest history of research into the Saami language and culture exists in the University of Helsinki ([[Research History of the Lappology|Lappology]]). The roots of the study and teaching of the Saami language go back as far as the history of Helsinki University itself, to the nineteenth century. The teaching of Finnish and languages related to it began after the Imperial Alexander University of Finland was transferred from Turku to Helsinki in 1827. The Finno-Ugrian scholar Matias Aleksanteri Castrén was appointed the first Professor of Finnish. A chair in Finno-Ugrian linguistics was established in 1892, and the first person to hold it was Arvid Genetz (1848 1915), a distinguished scholar in the field. In 1891 he published a famous small dictionary of the dialects of the Kola Saamis <I>Kuollan Lapin murteiden sanakirja ynnä kielennäytteitä</i>. The work also included some sample texts. He had collected the material for it on an expedition 1876. He also demonstrated in his article <I>Ensi tavun vokaalit suomen, lapin ja mordvan kaksi- ja useampitavuisissa sanoissa</i> (1896) that the development of the vowel system in the first syllable of Saami words was partly determined by the vowel in the second syllable. This theory developed by Genetz is considered to be the foundation of the study of the Baltic-Saami-Mordvian vowel system. Together with K.B. Wiklund and Ignácz Halász, Genetz was one ofthe pioneers of modern Lappology. A younger generation of scholars began to pay greater attention to the phonology of the Saami language, while continuing the collection of vocabulary and language specimens. T.I. Itkonen devoted himself to studying the dialects of the Russian Saami, and he published his doctoral dissertation on consonant gradation in them <I>Venäjänlapin konsonanttien astevaihtelu Koltan, Kildinin ja Turjan murteiden mukaan</i> (1916). However, of particular value to later generations are his collection of Skolt and Kola Saami legends <I>Koltan- ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja</i> (1931) and his Skolt and Kola Saami dictionary Koltan- ja kuolanlapin sanakirja. Eliel Lagercrantz (1894 1973) published a doctoral dissertation on the sound system of the Saami language in 1927 (<I>Strukturtypen und Gestaltwechsel im Lappischen</i>) as well as glossaries of the Saami languages. He also lectured in the University of Helsinki on the Saami language.</p>
<p align="justify">Genetz has been followed in thechair of Finno-Ugrian Linguistics in Helsinki University by Artturi Kannisto, Heikki Paasonen, Yrjö Wichmann, Y.H.Toivonen (1890-1956), Paavo Ravila (1902-1974), Erkki Itkonen, Aulis J.Joki (1913-1988), Mikko Korhonen, Raija Bartens and Ulla-Maija Kulonen. Paavo [[Paavo Ravila (engl. ver.)|Ravila]] did his doctoral research on the language of the [[Pechenga|Petsamo]] (Pechenga) Maritime Saami in 1932, and he also published a couple of collections of language samples of the Saami spoken in the Finnmark region of Norway. Erkki [[Itkonen, Erkki (engl. ver.)|Itkonen]], the grand old man of Saami linguistic research, was Personal Professor of Finno-Ugrian Linguistics from 1950 to 1956.</p>
<p align="justify">Itkonen's research into the Saami languages and folklore has been of lasting value: for example, his doctoral dissertation on the qualitative features of the vowel system of East Saami languages <I>Der Ostlappische Vokalismus vom qualitativen Standpunkt aus mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Inari- und Skoltlappischen</i> (1939), his dictionary of <I>Inari Saami Inarilappisches Wörterbuch 1-4</i> (1986-1991) and his <I>Lappische Chrestomathie mit grammatikalischem Abriss and Wörterverzeichnis</i>(1960), a collection of texts with a grammar and etymological vocabulary. The last mentioned book provided an excellent textbook for university students of Saami right up to the 1980s, published as it was in Konrad à Nielsen s phonetically accurate and scientifically exact orthography. Mikko Korhonen (1936-1991), who held a personal professorship in Finno-Ugrian linguistics, was one of the world s leading scholars in the subject. His special field was the morphology of Saami, and he published his doctoral dissertation on the conjugation of the Saami verb <I>Die Konjugation im Lappischen</i> I (1967) and II (1974). Korhonen enhanced research and teaching in the Saami language with his important introductory handbook <I>Johdatus lapin kielen historiaan</i> (1981), which is still used in the university. This comprehensive handbook of 400 pages includes a history of the Saami language and a synthesis of his research on it. His particular area of research focussed on Skolt Saami. He put forward a proposal for an orthography for Skolt Saami based on the dialect of Suonikylä (whose inhabitants had been evacuated from the USSR to Sevettijärvi in Finland after the Second World War), although the proposal did not have much practical importance for the later development of a written standard for Skolt Saami. Together with Jouni Moshnikoffi and Pekka Sammallahti, he composed a guidebook to Skolt Saami 1973. Raija Bartens (b.1933) was Professor of Finno-Ugrian Linguistics from1980 to 1997. Her doctoral dissertation dealt with central questions in the syntax of the Inari, Maritime and Lule Saami languages <I>Inarinlapin, merilapin ja luulajanlapin kaasussysteemi</i> (1972). This is one ofthe fundamental works on the case system of Saami. The Saami scholar Nils-Øivind Helander has followed in her footsteps by publishing a doctoral work on the use of the illative case in North Saami <I>Ii das Sat murrii iige báktái. Davvisámegiela illatiiva geavaheapmi</i> (2001). Juhani Lehtiranta did his doctoral study on Swedish Saami in 1992 (<I> Arjeploginsaamen äänne- ja taivutusopin pääpiirteet</i> ), and he also published a comparative glossary of the Saami languages <I> Yhteissaamelainen sanasto</i> (1989).</p> <p align="justify">A lectureship in the Saami language was established in the University of Helsinki in 1985, but practical language had actually been taught there since the 1970s. In 1993 the university introduced a study module in Saami Studies which was intended to offer a foundation in the language and the material and intellectual culture of the Saami. The subject unit is administered by a working group composed of representatives from various departments (Finno-Ugrian Studies, Comparative Religion, Archaeology, Musicology and General Linguistics) working under the auspices of the Finno-Ugrian Department. Several seminars on indigenous peoples have been held in conjunction with the study module, and the papers given in them have been published in the form of research anthologies. The study module is open not only to university students but also to Saamis living in the south of Finland. In this respect, it is noteworthy that more and more Finnish Saamis (at present almost half of the Finnish Saami population of 7500) live outside the Saami Homeland.</p> <p align="justify">At the University of Oulu, it is possible to study Saami language and culture in the Saami Language Section of the Department of Finnish, Saami and Logopedics (SUOSALO). An assistant professorship in Lappish Language and Culture was founded in 1973, and its title was changed to Assistant Professor in Saami Language and Culture in 1975. A full professorship in Saami language and culture was instated in 1982. The present incumbent is Professor Pekka Sammallahti (b. 1947), who is one of the leading Saami language scholars in the world. In 1997 at the University of Helsinki, Sammallahti defended his doctoral thesis on the sound system of the Itä-Enontekiö dialect <I>Norjansaamen Itä-Enontekiön murteen äänneoppi</i>. Sammallahti's doctoral work is the first systematic description of the phonology of Norwegian Saami. He is the author of the most important dictionaries of the modern North Saami language, and he has written materials on the phonetics, morphology and syntax of the Saami language. In 1998, Sammallahti published a textbook <I>Introduction to the Saami Languages</i>. In 1970 a lectureship in the Saami language was established. The post is at present held by Tuomas Magga, whose doctoral dissertation <I>Duration in the Quantity of Bisyllabics in the Guovdageaidnu Dialect of North Lappish</i> was on phonetics. Vuokko Hirvonen defended her doctoral thesis on the careers of Saami women writers <I>Sámeeatnama jienat. Sápmelanissona bálggis girječállin</i> at Oulu University in 1999. It was the first doctoral dissertation written in Saami, and it is thus an example of the ideal kind of Saami studies in that the researcher was herself a Saami, and her research was published in Saami as well as in Finnish.</p>
<p align="justify">Samuli Aikio, a Saami scholar, was made an honorary doctor of philosophy at the University of Oulu in 1998. He has been a lecturer and researcher at the University of Helsinki and a researcher at the Nordic Saami Institute and the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland. One of his publications is a study of Saami bird names Sámigiel loddenamahusat (1993), which contains about 900 Saami language terms for birds with Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian translations. Aikio has also studied the history of the Saami and compiled a work onthe subject based on a collection of old historical texts <I>Olbmot ovdal min. Sámiid historjá 1700-logu rádjái</i> (1992). In 1988 Marjut Aikio published a study on languageswitching among the Saami <I>Saamelaiset kielenvaihdon kierteessä. Kielisosiologinen tutkimus viiden saamelaiskylän kielenvaihdosta 1910-1980</i> .</p>
<p align="justify">The Giellagas Institute of Saami Language and Culture (Giellagas-Instituhtta) was established in 2000 in Oulu University. Research on Saami culture in the Institute is under the direction of the Saami scholar Dr Veli-Pekka Lehtola (b. 1957). Lehtola has published several works on the history and literature of the Saami. He has also written the manuscripts for a multivision presentation, TV documentary and CD ROM disk on Saami art. Lehtola s doctoral dissertation <I> Rajamaan identiteetti</i> (1997) deals with the construction of the Lappish identity in so-called Lappish literature. Atthe inception of the new millennium, several Saamis at the Giellagas Institute arecarrying out research into Saami culture from a new, culture-internal point of view. Examples of this new approach are studies dealing with subjects like traditional Saami knowledge and skills (e.g. handicrafts), the modern Saami identity, education and bilingualism. Scholars of Saami culture continue to be occupied by the problematics of majority-minority interaction in the modern world, as is evidenced by Anni Siiri Länsnam s sociological study on relations between Finnish tourists and the Saami <I>Paikka, väärtisuhteet ja alkoholi Lapin matkailussa. Kulttuurianalyysi suomalaisten matkailijoiden ja saamelaisten kohtaamisesta</i>. Modern researchers into the Saami languages tend to favour a synchronic approach, but there still those who carry on the traditions of diachronic Finno-Ugrian linguistics, such as Ante Aikio (North Saami) and Marja-Liisa Olthuis (Inari Saami).</p> <p align="justify">The Institute has exchange programmes for post-graduate students who are members of indigenous peoples with the Universities of Tromsø in Norway and Umeå in Sweden. The Giellagas Institute has also published its own series of academic publications since 2000. The first in the series was Pekka Sammallahti's <I>North Saami resource dictionary</i> (2001). </p> <P align="justify">A lectureship in the Saami language was established in the University of Lapland (Rovaniemi) in 1990. It has been held since its foundation by Leif Rantala, who has written numerous studies and articles on the Kola Saamis and the situation of their languages, including <I>The Russian Sami Today</i>, which was published by the University of Tromsø in 1995, and Samerna på Kolahalvön published by the Society for the Promotion of Saami Culture (Lapin Sivistysseura) in 1994.</p>
<p align="justify">A conspicuous trait of studies into Saami language and culture has been the integration of theoretical research with achievements in applied linguistic and cultural studies. Theoretical scholarship furthers the development of projects in practical language and culture, while achievements in applied science such as dictionaries have been of great assistance to researchers. Often, indeed, theory and practice have been united in the same person, and this continues to be true today. Examples of such scholars among the older generation are E. Itkonen and Ravila and among younger researchers P. Sammallahti and S. Aikio.</p> <p>
[[Saami Studies: Norway|Saami studies: Norway]], <BR>
[[Saami Studies: Sweden|Saami studies: Sweden]], <BR>
[[Saami Studies: Russia / Soviet|Saami studies: Russia]] <BR><BR></p>s: Russia]] <BR><BR></p> +
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