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<P align="justify"> It was in the 19 … <P align="justify"> It was in the 1970s that the press began to serve Saami people in their own languages, particularly North Saami, on regular basis. However, the history of the Saami-language press goes back to the late nineteenth century, when the first Saami organisations</P>
<P align="justify"> The Saami press grew up together with the Saami associations. In Norway, an attempt was made in 1870 to establish the first association in order to publish a newspaper called Muitalaegje (The News Teller). The paper appeared in the years 1904-1911, and it was the political organ of the coastal Saami; among other things, it supported the candidacy of Isak Saba</P>
<P align="justify"> In Sweden, the first confederation of local Saami associations <I>Lappernas Centralförbund</I> was founded in 1904. It, too, published its own paper <I>Lapparnas Egen Tidning</I> in 1904 and 1905. This was followed first by <I>Samefolks Egen Tidning</I> (the aim of which was to revive the cultures of the Saami, and make them conscious of their position in society), and then by a magazine called [[Samefolket newspaper|<I>Samefolket</I>]]. Elsa [[Laula-Renberg, Elsa (engl. ver.)|Laula]] was particularly active in the work of the associations. <I>Waren Sardne</I>, a paper founded by the Swedish Saami activist Daniel Mortenson, appeared in the years 1910-13 and again from 1922 to 1925; it primarily focussed on the life of the reindeer-herding Saami. </P>
<P align="justify"> The founder of <I>Samefolket</I> was Torkel Toamsson, and he was the editor of the magazine for over twenty years. Today <I>Samefolket</I> comes out in two formats: a periodical which appears twelve times a year and an Internet version of the same magazine. The magazine, which is published in Östersund in Sweden, is mostly written in Swedish, and its aim is to maintain contact between different Saami groups, to disseminate information about Saami affairs and to provide a forum for discussion. The content is varied: news, critical reviews, and extensive articles on the Saami language, Saami intellectual and cultural matters and current political affairs. The new experimental electronic format on the Internet was launched in 1997. The Internet publication was funded by the EU, and the experiment has proved a successful one. </P>
<P align="justify"> Sabmelaš (<I>Sabmelaš 1979-, Ođđa Sabmelaš</I> 1933-) was the first Finnish Saami journal. The first edition was published on 25 March 1934 by [[The Society for the Promotion of Saami Culture|<I>The Society for the Promotion of Saami Culture</I>]]. The founding editors were Prof. Paavo [[Paavo Ravila (engl. ver.)|Ravila]] and Prof. Erkki [[Itkonen, Erkki (engl. ver.)|Itkonen]]. From 1951 the <I>Saami Liitto</I> asociation assumed joint responsibility for the publication of the journal. In 1995 a support association was founded, and the responsibility for publishing the journal was transferred to it. The printing was moved from Helsinki to Kautokeino, together with the <I>Áššu</I> newspaper. From 1935 to 1996, the paper was subsidized by the state. Since then it has been supported by the Cultural Board of the Saami Parliament, whose task is to allocate Saami cultural funding on an annual basis. The paper is distributed free of charge to Saami homes in Finland. It deals widely with past and present Saami culture, matters connected with nature and environmental protection, and current Saami political affairs. In addition, the paper publishes characteristically Saami memoirs. The long-serving editor of the paper since 1980 has been Jouni Kitti. Up till the mid-1990s, the paper came out about six times a year, but today it is not published any more. <I>Teänupakti</I>, which came out as a supplement of <I>Sápmelaš</I>, was a magazine for young people produced by the students of Kemijärvi Teacher Training College. </P>
<P align="justify"> The era when the press actually began to write about Saami affairs began in 1958 with the publication of the Norwegian-language newspaper <I>Ságat</I>. It had a large number of subscribers, with as many as 2500 in the province of Finnmark alone. A weekly periodical <I>Sámi Aigi</I> (1979-1993) began to appear in North Saami in a reaction to <I>Ságat</I>. The impulse for the publication of the paper came from the controversial Alta-Kautokeino dam project, on which it took a strong stand. Today the periodical continues under the name <I>Min Áigi</I> (1993-), coming out twice a week in Karasjok. The number of subscribers is 1100, with about 5000 readers. It has a budget of 5.5 million Norwegian <I>kronor</I>. </P>
<P align="justify"> Another newspaper in North Saami, <I>Áššu</I>, began to appear in Kautokeino in the 1990s. It has gradually grown into the largest Saami-language newspaper, with 2000 subscribers and an annual increase of approx. 20%). The number of readers is estimated to be as high as 10,000, and there are even readers from as far away as Kalaallit Nunnaat in Greenland. The paper s annual budget is over five million Norwegian <I>kronor</I>. It employs a staff of eleven. </P>
<P align="justify"> The majority of the publications are in North Saami. In Finland, however, there used to be one periodical in Skolt Saami, and there still is one in Inari Saami. The successful running of a newspaperin a people s own language with tiny resources is eloquent testimony of their enormous willpower and their devotion to their own language. The paper in Skolt Saami, <I>Sää mođđaz</I>, came out during the years 1979 1983. The editor was a schoolteacher called Satu Moshnikoff, and it was published by the Association of Border Regions in Finland from 1979 to1983, the Finnish National Committee of the European Cultural Foundation in 1984 and the newspaper <I>Lapin Kansa</I> in 1985 and 1986. During the years 1979 1983, its printing was funded with subsidies for educational material from the National Board of Education It had a circulation of 350, and it aim was to give visibility to the recently created Skolt Saami written language. The orthography for this had been created in 1972, and the intention was to disseminate it to every Skolt household by way of a free newspaper. The production of the paper was enabled through a donation by the Association of Border Regions in Finland to the municipality of Sevettijärvi of a big typewriter, which had been specially equipped in Germany with the characters required by Skolt Saami. The fact that the editor s hobby was photography also helped to get the paper produced because she was able to make black and white paper copies herself. Strangely enough, the paper got a mixed reception among the Skolts. Some complained that the paper it was printed on was so hard it could not even be used in the toilet, while others felt that the creation of a writing system for Skolt Saami itself was unnecessary. But there were also some who appreciated the value of developing their own mother tongue. The short life of the paper is a good example of the problems generally faced by the Saami-language press. The paper folded in 1986 because of funding difficulties, a lack of contributors and the fact that it became atrophied and incapable of renewal. The editor also became discouraged with producing the paper alone and gave up. </P> <P align="justify"> The Inari Saami-language periodical <I>Anaraš</I> has been published since 1986 by <I>Anaraš kielaservi</I> (the Inari Saami Language Association). Its aim is to promote the use of Inari Saami by offering east-to-read texts on interesting subjects and dealing with language questions and proposals for neologisms. It comes out regularly three times a year. This Inari Saami organ has also aroused considerable interest abroad: not only in the Scandinavian countries but also as far afield as the USA and Japan. The editorial staff also publish an annual calendar, which is distributed freely to members of the Association and sold to subscribers. </P>
<P align="justify"> Various Saami associations have from time to time published a few issues dealing with matters in their own special fields of interest, but most of them have not survived for lack of funds. </P>
<P align="justify"> <I>Gába</I> (<I>Sámi Nissonfierpmádat</I> [[Forum for Saami Women|Sámi Nisson Forum]]) is acolourful women s magazine which has appeared fairly regularly since 1996. It comes out in three languages: Saami, Norwegian and English. A special edition called Voices of Saami Women was published in 1999. The articles deal with the life of Saami women and their current difficulties in resolving the conflict between tradition and modern life. The number of subscribers is estimated to be 450. </P>
<P align="justify"> In 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1998 the Finnish Saami Parliament published a bulletin called <I>Sámegiella skuvlagiella</I> [The Saami Language - A School Language], and another bulletin on Saami culture called <I>Oktavuohta</I> in 2993 and 1996. In the future <I>Oktavuohta</I> is due to appear on the web pages of the Saami Parliament. </P> <P align="justify"> The Saami Press Association SÁLAS, which represents the owners of the papers <I>Min Áigi, Áššu</I>, and <I>Ságat</I> and controls copyright, was founded in 1993. Its special aim is to establisha press in the South andLule Saami languages. The Association is responsible for the allocation of annual state subsidies to the papers. For example, in 1990, it applied for 14 million Norwegian <I>kronor</I> in subsidies. The following table shows the subsidies granted to different associations during the years 1996 1999. All figures are in Norwegian <I>kronor</I>. </P>
<P> <TABLE BORDER="0"> <TR><TD>Name</TD><TD>1996</TD><TD>1997</TD><TD>1998</TD><TD>1999</TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD></TD><TD></TD><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD><I>Ságat<I></TD><TD>1701</TD><TD>2389</TD><TD>2669</TD><TD>2660</TD></TR> <TR><TD>Min Áigi</TD><TD>2389</TD><TD>2707</TD><TD>2601</TD><TD>2552</TD></TR> <TR><TD>Áššu</TD><TD>1620</TD><TD>2069</TD><TD>2478</TD><TD>2537</TD></TR> <TR><TD>Nuortanáste</TD><TD>136</TD><TD>250</TD><TD>250</TD><TD>250</TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD></TD><TD></TD><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD>Total</TD><TD>5848</TD><TD>7416</TD><TD>7999</TD><TD>7999</TD></TR> </TABLE> </P> <P align="justify"> <B>Saami papers and periodicals</B> </P>
<P align="justify">1873-1875 <I>Muitalaegje Čuvgetusa haleduvvidi sami gaskat<I> [For Saami People Desirous of Enlightenment] </P> <P align="justify"> 1898- <I>Nuorttanaste<I>. The first (Christian) Saami monthly periodical. </P>
<P align="justify"> 1899-03 <I>Sami Usteb</I>. A Christian periodical </P> <P align="justify"> 1904-11 <I>Sagai Muittalaegje</I>. Edited by Anders Larsen </P>
<P align="justify"> 1910-13 and 1922-25 <I>Waren Sardne</I>. Edited by Daniel Mårtenson </P>
<P align="justify"> 1921-22 <I>Samealbmuglehti</I>. Only seven editions of this paper came out as a result of the strict assimilationist policy of the Norwegian government. </P> <P align="justify"> 1904-1905 <I>Lapparnas Egen tidning</I>. This paper was succeeded first by <I>Samefolkets Egen Tidning</I> (est. 1918) and subsequently since 1961 by <I>Samefolket</I>. Founded by Torkel Tomasson. </P>
<P align="justify"> 1934 <I>Sápmelaš</I>, (<I>Sabmelaš</I> 1934-1979, <I>Ođđa Sápmelaš</I> 1996-). Founded by the Saami Cultural Association. </P> <Palign="justify"> 1950 <I>Tunturisanomat</I>. A Finnish-language magazine for Saami young people. </P>
<P align="justify"> 1958- <I>Ságat</I> (previously <I>Sagat</I>). A Norwegian-language newspaper dealing with Saami affairs. </P> <P align="justify"> 1976 <I>Sáminuorra</I>. A publication of the Saami youth organization in Sweden. The present editor is Ola Pittsa, who has held the position since1995. The periodical comes out 3-4 times a year in both Saami and Swedish, and 300 copies are printed. </P>
<P align="justify"> 1980 <I>Sääˊmođđaz</I>. A Skolt Saami paper edited by a teacher called Satu Mosnikoff. Subsidized by the Provincial Government of Lapland. Its aim was to promote the written use of Skolt Saami. </P>
<P align="justify"> 1979- <I>Min Áigi</I> (<I>Sámi Áigi</I> 1979-1993). A newspaper in North Saami which comes out twice a week in Karasjok. </P>
<P align="justify"> 1993- <I>Aššu</I>. A newspaper in North Saami which comes out in Kautokeino. In 2000 it became the Saami newspaper with the largest distribution. </P>
<P align="justify"> 1986- <I>Anaraš</I> A magazine in Inari Saami, which first appeared as a supplement of <I>Sapmelaš</I>, and then since 1987 independently, published by <I>Anaraš kiela servi</I> (the Inari Saami Language Association, est. 1986). It comes out three times a year and has a distribution of about 400, of whom 200 are members of the Association. </P>
</P align="justify"> A few special publications have been brought out sporadically: <I>Áiti</I> - a cultural journal (1979); <I>Sápmi</I> and <I>Charta</I> (during the Alta Kautokeino dam dispute); <I>Vuovvjuš</I>, <I>Mánáid Bláđđi</I>, <I>Vuolle Vuojaš</I> (Donald Duck) 1987-1988; <I>Sámegiella skuvlagiella</I> - an educational bulletin (four issues between 1988 and 1998); <I>Oktavuohta</I>, a Finnish-language bulletin on Saami culture (two issues in 1993 and 1996). </P> (two issues in 1993 and 1996). </P> +
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