| TekstiThis property is a special property in this wiki.
|
<P align= justify > Inari Saami is s … <P align= justify > Inari Saami is spoken by appr. 300 people in the municipality of Inari in Finland. Geographically as well as linguistically it is situated in the center of the Saami areal continuum. The neighbouring Saami languages are North Saami in the west and Skolt Saami in the east. In fact, the municipality of Inari is a community where all the three Saami languages as well as Finnish are spoken in the same areas next to each other. </P>
<P align= justify > According to the primary division of the Saami languages to western and eastern group Inari Saami is considered as the first eastern Saami language neighbouring the easternmost western Saami language, the North Saami. All the characteristics that distinguish the eastern Saami languages from the western are also present in Inari Saami: the most important of these characteristics are the following: 1) the Proto-Saami consonant cluster -*sk- is represented by -*sk- in the eastern languages and by -ik- in the west (Inari <I>kuo*ska</I> ~ NorthSaami guoika rapids ) and the Proto-Saami -*st- by -*st- and -it- respectively 2) The sibilants between vowels undergo qualitative gradation in the east but only quantitative gradation in the west (Inari (arch.) <I>keezzist</I> in the summer ~ North Saami <I>geasis</I> id. from Inari <I>keessi</I>, North Saami <I>geassi</I> summer ) 3) The Proto-Saami half-long and long nasals between vowels have been preserved in the east but in the west they have changed to a cluster of homorganic stop + nasal (Inari <I>suona</I> sinew , <I>jie*na</I> ice cf. North Saami <I>suotna</I>,<I> jieŋna</I>). Further characteristics that distinguish Inari Saami from the other Eastern Saami languages are 4) the gradation of Proto-Saami *-k-: in Inari the alternation is -h- in the strong grade and -v- in the weak grade (e.g. <I>juuha</I> river : Locative <I>juuvvâst</I>, cf. Skolt <I>jokk: jooǥǥâst</I>, North Saami <I>johka: jogas </I>id.) . Other instances of *-k- also are represented by -h- in Inari, e.g. <I>ákku</I> grandmother : Genitive ááhu. 5) Inari Saami is the only Eastern Saami language which has preserved the final unstressed vowels in the second syllable (<I>kyeli</I> fish ~ Skolt kueˊll). </P>
<P align= justify > The noun in Inari Saami has 8 case endings in the singular and 7 in the Plural. The system is very near to that of the North Saami with the exception of the partitive case which is lacking in the north (but present for example in the Skolt Saami). Genitive and Accusative are separate in the Plural unlike in the North Saami where the Proto-Saami partitive case has taken the function of both Genitive and Accusative, and as a consequence of this there is no separate Partitive case in the plural (Partitive functioning as the AccPl in Inari): kyeli fish </P>
<P> <TABLE BORDER= 0 CELLPADDING= 0 > <TR><TD> </TD><TD>Sg</TD><TD>Pl</TD><TD> </TD></TR> <TR><TD>Nominative</TD><TD>kyeli</TD><TD>kyeleh</TD><TD>the case of the Subject</TD></TR> <TR><TD>Genitive</TD><TD>kyele</TD><TD>kuolii</TD><TD>the case of the owner</TD></TR><TR><TD>Accusative</TD><TD>kyele</TD><TD>kuolijd</TD><TD>the case of the </TD></TR><TR><TD>Object</TD><TD> </TD><TD> </TD><TD> <TR><TD>Partitive</TD><TD>kyellid</TD><TD> </TD><TD>?</TD></TR> <TR><TD>Illative</TD><TD>kualán</TD><TD>kuoliijd</TD><TD>answers the question »to what, where to»</TD></TR> <TR><TD>Locative</TD><TD>kyeleest</TD><TD>kuolijn</TD><TD>answers the question »where, from where»</TD></TR> <TR><TD>Comitative</TD><TD>kuoliijn</TD><TD>kuoliiguim</TD><TD>answers the question »with what»</TD></TR> <TR><TD>Abessive</TD><TD>kyelettáá</TD><TD>kuolijttáá</TD><TD>answers the question »without what»</TD></TR> <TR><TD>Essive</TD><TD>kyellin</TD><TD> </TD><TD>expresses the position »as a fish»</TD></TR> </TABLE> </P>
<P align= justify > In the possessive declension somewhat fewer forms are in use. There is no distinction between Singular, dual and plural possessor, only the 1., 2. and 3. persons are distinguished. Examples of forms of the word <I>nieiddâ</I> daughter : Nominative <I>nieiddâm</I> my/our daughter , <I>nieiddâd</I> your daughter , <I>nieiddâs</I> his/her/their daughter , Locative singular forms <I>nieidâstân</I>, <I>nieidâstâd</I>, <I>nieidâstis</I> and Comitative singular forms <I>nieiddâinân</I>, <I>nieiddâinâd</I>, <I>nieiddâinis</I> respectively. The case endings have merged so that in the series of plural possessed there are only three cases: Genitive-Accusative-Illative, Comitative and Locative. </P> <P align= justify > The verb is inflected in the same categories as in North Saami: examples from the present tense Indicative with the corresponding personal pronouns of the actor: </P>
<P> <TABLE BORDER= 0 CELLPADDING= 0 > <TR><TD><I>mun moonâm</I></TD><TD> I go </TD></TR> <TR><TD><I>tun moonâh</I></TD><TD> you (1 person) go </TD></TR> <TR><TD><I>sun mana</I></TD><TD> he/she goes </TD></TR> <TR><TD><I>muoi manneen</I></TD><TD> we (2) go </TD></TR> <TR><TD><I>tuoi monnâvittee</I></TD><TD> you (2) go </TD></TR> <TR><TD><I>suoi moonnau</I></TD><TD> they (2) go </TD></TR> <TR><TD><I>mii moonnap</I></TD><TD> we (several) go </TD></TR> <TR><TD><I>dii monnavitte*d</I></TD><TD> you (several) go </TD></TR> <TR><TD><I>sii maneh</I></TD><TD> they (several) go </TD></TR> </TABLE> </P>
<P align= justify > Sammallahti, P. 1998 26 29, Korhonen, M. 1981 18 19, Itkonen, E. 1991 5 52. </P>
<P> Itkonen, Erkki 1991: (unter Mitarbeit von Raija Bartens und Lea Laitinen) Inarilappisches Wörterbuch IV: Beispiele zur Flexionslehre: Norwegischlappisches Wortregister; deutsches Wortregister. </P>
<P>Text sample:</P>
<P align="justify"> Pyeri peivi. Mun lam Hans Morottaja, 67 ihásâš anarâš. Mun lam varrim Anarist 1981 Helsigân. Mu päikki lâi Kaamasist, tärkkilubbooht Saammadjäävrist mii lii meccitáálu kukken tuárispeln. Tot uba kuávlu lii ävdin, ii ohtagen fastaässee innig aasa tobbeen. Tääl mun aasam Helsigist, tave Haagast. Tast maŋa ko mun Helsigan várrejim, lijjim pargoost Martinlaaksost Vantaa peln. Tot pargo lai suullan tegu táálualmaa pargo. Mun lijjim tast iáláttuu rái, mast lam lama jo muáddi ive. </P>
<P align="justify"> Mun lam Aanaar sámmilâš, anarâš. Anarâšah ääsih Anarist, Aanaarjäärvi pirrasijn. Mist lii mii jieččan kielâ, anarâškielâ, amid eres sämmiliih iá ollásáávt addii. Anarâškielâ sárnooh láá suullan 400-500. Eenab ko peeli anarâšain iá mááti innig eenikielâs. Ko anarâšah áásih Aanaarjäävri pirrasijn, te sij láá lamaš ain kuálásteijeeh, eenab ko eres sámmiliih. Tontet sij láá nobdum-uv kuálásteijeesämmilâžžân. </P> <BR>
<BR>
[[Modern Saami languages|Other Saami languages]]
<BR><BR>[[Table of contents: Languages and naming|Table of contents: Languages and naming]]<BR><BR>Languages and naming]]<BR><BR> +
|
