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<P align="justify"> Rearing a child involves both discipline and guidance, as well as care, empathy and the transmission of culture from one generation to another.</P> <P align="justify"> There are many social factors that affect a child s upbringing, such as the family's income, the social structures on which the upbringing is based, and the natural environment and the climate in which it takes place. The fundamental idea of child-rearing among the Saami is that the child should be surrounded by a large number of what the social psychologist G. H. Mead calls significant others . Family relations and so-called extended relations, like those with a school sister or school brother , godparents and neighbours all enrich and multiply the network of influences on the child. The pedagogical principle of Saami nurture is that the child learns by experience (<i>gal dat oahppá go stuorrola</i> (One learns as one grows)). The saying expresses patience with the person who is learning and practicing, a psychological understanding and love of the child, and the realization that not all people are the same or equally quick to learn. Children are given the opportunity to try things out and learn them gradually in other words, they are given room for experimentation. Adults show their trust in them and only set the kind of expectations that will reinforce the child s self-confidence and sense of success. The learner is given a chance to learn through observation, and a child who has mastered a skill becomes a model for others.</P> <P align="justify"> Child-rearing is characterized by a lack of constraints and a variety of indirect methods of discipline. Hoaxes are one method that is used; the purpose is to promote social skills, a sense of humour, control of one s emotions and playfulness. Various forms of playful deception are expressed through language; for example, an adult might use the dual form of the first person pronoun (meaning we two ) to express the fact that (s)he shares the shame of a child who has done wrong. Such cushioning avoids unnecessary conflicts with small children and direct defiance from older ones. The indirect methods of upbringing lessen the direct shaming of children and thus allow them to maintain their face. The principle aim of this nurture is the fostering of self-reliance and secondly the creation of human values and respect for others, be they children or adults, men or women, rich or poor.</P> <P align="justify"> For the Saami, as for other indigenous peoples, the narrative tradition plays a central role in handing down values to the next generation. The stories reflect an understanding of nature and man s symbiotic relationship with it.</P><BR><BR>
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