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According to the vertical picture of the world depicted in the segments of shamans drum skins, the pre-Christian gods of the Saami can be divided into those that lived above the sky, those that dwelt in the sky, the gods of the earth, and the gods of the underworld. Information about these old gods is uncertain, open to interpretation and relatively late. It was gathered only during the most intensive period of missionary activity in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and mainly in Sweden and Norway. By this time, the old Saami conceptions of the gods had already become blurred. On the one hand, Scandinavian and also Christian influences infiltrated the pre-Christian world view especially of the western Saamis. On the other hand, the fact that the material was gathered in languages other than Saami was a potential source of errors: the interpreter or the Saami informant himself might adapt the names of the Saami gods to ancient Scandinavian mythology in order to make his own ideas more comprehensible to outsiders. Moreover, those who gathered the classic sources, generally missionaries, already imposed their own interpretations on what they were told, and what their informants wanted to tell them. And the oldest sources, which date back to a time when the ancient religion of the Saami was still alive, were generally produced on the basis of material gathered and interpreted by missionaries among the western Saami. Nor is it clear to what extent the existing information truly represents the knowledge of the shamans, the religious specialists of the Saami, and to what extent it is a reflection of the collective tradition, the views of the whole people. A god above the sky. The {{Artikkelilinkki|1058|Sky God}}, who was the upholder of order in the world, can be considered to have lived above the sky. The information about him comes from the western Saami regions. In the regions where South and Ume Saami were spoken, his name (the names are here given in the forms in which they appear in the old sources) was Radien (also Mailmen Radien Radien of the World ), and further to the north and east in Pite, Lule and the North Saami of the Torne area Veralden Olmai the Man of the World (< Swedish värld world ) or Veralden-Radien Radien of the World ({{Artikkelilinkki|10122|Raedie}}, the Sky God). The names point to a strong Scandinavian influence. The proportion of Christian borrowings is apparent from the fact that Raedie is depicted on the shamans drums in the form of a trinity; Raedie had a whole group of avatars, some of which were formed according to the Christian doctrine of the trinity. In the Kildin Saami tradition, the god Jimmel-aaja (Jimmel god, aaja old man ) took part in the creation of the animal world, although according to tradition he had no part in the actual creation of the animals themselves; Jimmel fulfilled the wishes of the animals rather than determined them. He was an active creator, a concentration of creative forces. The fulfilment of the wishes of the animals is based on an awareness of the animal world, which is within nature itself, not externally imposed knowledge. The North and South Saamis have similar myths. Ideas about this god and his place in Saami cosmology were probably very vague even before the advent of Christianity, and they obviously became even more complicated when the Saami came into contact with the Orthodox religion. Christian and pre-Christian features probably coalesced to create a syncretic figure of a god who was an old man. {{Artikkelilinkki|1058|The sky gods}} are usually thought to include at least {{Artikkelilinkki|1067|Beaivi}} (the Sun), {{Artikkelilinkki|1003|Mánnu}} (the Moon), {{Artikkelilinkki|1038|Bajánalmmái}}, the God of Thunder, {{Artikkelilinkki|1059|Bieggaolmmái}}, the God of the Winds, Rananeid, the goddess of vegetation and Madder-Attje, the forefather of man. The worship of most deities was according to sex; only the worship of Raedie and the Sun was common to both sexes. Information about female cult practices is extremely deficient because those who collected the source material were not generally interested in them. In the Saami tradition, the Sun is associated throughout Saamiland with fertility and the origins of the Saami and of the reindeer. The Moon in some areas of the Saami tradition appears in mythology as the protector of reindeer at calving time; however, the Saami also linked the Moon with destructive mythical figures like {{Artikkelilinkki|1027|Áhčešeatne}} and her son [[Askovis]]. For the eastern Saami, the Sky God seems to have merged with the God of Thunder. It has been suggested that Tiermes, the God of Thunder of the eastern Saami, who corresponds to the North Saami Dierpmis and was probably of Finno-Ugric origin, was the original Saami Sky God. This would mean that Raedie was a later arrival formed out of Scandinavian and Christian elements that filtered into Saami culture before the advent of Christianity proper. The God of the Winds, Bieggagállis or Bieggaolmmái, was known through Saamiland; he affected the major sources of livelihood of the Saami: hunting, and later reindeer herding. Rananeid or Ruonaneid (ruoná green, nieida maiden ) was a female divinity found in certain Norwegian sources, who according to Leem was considered to be closest to the God above the sky. Rananeid was said to dwell high in the firmament just a little lower than Raedie. She was the goddess of those mountains and fells that first turned green in the spring, and she allowed the new grass to grow as food for the reindeer. It is known that the Saami sacrificed to her so that the reindeer wouldreach the grass pasturages in time. This divinity corresponds to the spirit of plants Raa z-ajk (raa ss grass, verdure, ajk mother) of the Ter and Kildin Saami tradition. Madder-Attje (in South Saami Maadteraajja), the Father of Man (madter pre-, proto- ) was a divinity that was known probably only in a limited South Saami area, and he was clearly associated with the Saami shaman ({{Artikkelilinkki|1051|Shamanism}}). According to some eighteenth-century sources, only the most mighty shamans had the right to draw the symbol of Maadteraajja on their drums, and only they were able to contact the Father of Man. Moreover, the powerful shamans alone had a knowledge of the origins of mankind. Of the gods who dwelt on earth, it is known that there was a God of Hunting, [[Leaibeolmmái]] the Alder Man, a Goddess of Plants, Rananeid, and Máttaráhkká, the wife of Madder-Attje, and their daughters. Maadteraajja and the daughters were known in both the South and North Saami regions. These female divinities were connected with the beginning and end of life, and they were particularly associated with women and their activities. The South Saami tradition has numerous aahka female divinities. Maadteraahka (ahka old woman, hag ), the Mother of Man had three daughters; Saaraahka, (possibly Creative Old Woman), Joeksaahka (Old Woman of the Bow) ja Oksaahka ( Old Woman of the Door ). These were mainly worshiped by women, and they lived beneath the Lapp lodge under the area sacred to the women, which was situated opposite the [[Boaššu|boaššu]], the sacred area of the men. They were mainly associated with procreation. Sources relating to the South Saami region (Trøndelag) describe the activities of these divinities as follows: When Raedie had created the human soul, he sent it to Maadteraajja, who in turn handed it over to his daughters, of whom Saarahka was the actual goddess of pregnancy and birth (Human being). Joeksaahka helped and protected women in birth-giving, and she was capable of changing a girl child in the womb into a boy if she was properly propitiated with sacrifices. The connection of Joeksaahka with hunting is already apparent from her name, and she was connected with the God of Hunting Leaibolmmái, to whose protection she entrusted a baby boy after birth. The duties of Oksaahka included watching over babies from the time they were born to when they began to walk. In the North Saami areas of Finland, only Máttaráhkká was known, not her daughters, although according to nineteenth-century sources a divinity called Sáráhkká was known in Sweden; she was believed to dwell beside the fireplace. In the late Saami tradition there existed a syncretic Sáráhkká cult that conformed to the model of Christian practices, and which was not associated with women alone but was also favoured by men. The gods of the underworld included {{Artikkelilinkki|1053|Jábmiidáhkká}}, the Ruler of the Underworld (Death and the dead) and [[Ruto]], the God of Pestilence. {{Artikkelilinkki|1053|Jábmiidáhkká}} was the major female underworld divinity, and while she allowed the souls of the departed to spread grave diseases among the living, she was also the ruler of a place that resembled the world above, and which was thus more or less a happy one. Ruto was a powerful enemy of man, even of shamans, and indeed of other divinities. The symbol of Ruto on the shaman's drum is interpreted as being the horse, which was foreign to Saami culture, and which the Saami are known to have made sacrifices to. Because of the horse sacrifices and the horse symbolism, Ruto has been considered an imported element in the Saami pantheon. Older scholarly literature linked Ruto with the Scandinavian god Odin. However, it is possible to find direct counterparts of Ruto among the Finnic peoples of Siberia. It is difficult, and to some extent arbitrary, to draw a line between gods and other supernatural creatures, and it is based merely on convention. For the Saami, this world and the supernatural generally constituted a continuum rather than a Western type of dichotomy between the secular and the sacred. Close to the worldly end of the continuum there existed all kinds of visible and invisible fellow creatures, whose acknowledgement often required no more than ordinary observance; in the middle of the continuum were the shines with their powerful spirits who nevertheless still assumed partly human features. In the present context, gods are considered to be those invisible powers located at the other end of the continuum, beings who could only be approached with prayers and sacrifices. {{Artikkelilinkki|20140806122035|Table of contents: Saami Pre-Christian world view, mythology and folklore}}

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