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<P align="justify"> Linguistic human rights are those linguistic rights of individuals and communities that are so crucial (= indispensable for a proper human life) that they must be considered basic human rights. Both the United Nations Charter and the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights include language (together with sex, race and religion) among those attributes on the basis of which the individual may not be discriminated against. Most other UN agreements also mention language. Prohibitions against discrimination are so-called negative rights, i.e. rights that stipulate what the state may NOT do. On the other hand, there are few positive rights regarding language (those that define what the state or other body MUST do), especially in human rights agreements that are binding upon states although they are beginning to appear in various recommendations that are not binding. Individual linguistic human rights should include<BR> *the right to identify with one's own {{Artikkelilinkki|0201|mother tongue}} and to have this identification approved by the authorities; *the right to learn one's mother tongue both orally (if this is physiologically possible - deaf persons cannot learn the spoken language, only sign language) and in written form (this generally requires that the education of the minority should take place in the mother tongue and that the teachers be bilingual); *the right to be able to use one's mother tongue in at least the most important transactions (e.g. child care, basic education, health care, care of the aged, the courts and dealings with the authorities) directly or through an interpreter; *the right not to be forced to change one's language (this implies among other things that parents, in choosing the language of their children's education, must be given sufficient reliable information about the different alternatives and their long-term consequences and about the existence of such alternatives); and *the right to an education irrespective of what one's mother tongue is. </p> <P align="justify">The most important human rights of a community are: *the right to have the language of the community accepted as a language; *the right to equal opportunities with other groups to learn, teach and use its language (and the associated culture), to publish and circulate publications and maintain mass media in its own language and to communicate with other speakers of the same language; and *the right to opportunities equal with those of other groups for survival as a group and for the transmission of its language to succeeding generations in its internal intercourse, in education and in other areas of society. </p> <P align="justify">Only a small number of the speakers of the world's languages have these rights. Most countries trample on the linguistic human rights of at least some groups in their populations. Globally, the strongest resistance is encountered by the right to an education in one's own mother tongue. </P><BR><BR>
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