View source for Scandinavian languages

{{Artikkeli
|sivun nimi=Scandinavian languages
|kieli=englanti
|id=0185
|artikkeliteksti=<P align="justify"> Scandinavian languages: Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Islandic and Faroese. Swedish and Norwegian in particular still continue to exert a strong influence on the {{Artikkelilinkki|20140721171759|Saami languages}}. The stratum of Scandinavian loan words which are common to the Saami languages goes back to Proto-Scandinavian, and it is fairly extensive, amounting to several hundred words. Proto-Scandinavian load words can be distinguished from Proto-Germanic borrowings according to phonetic criteria that describe how the sounds of {{Artikkelilinkki|0125|Proto-Germanic}} and Proto-Scandinavian were represented in Saami, and to a lesser extent from sound changes within the Germanic languages. Among the most important sound changes that took place with Saami under the influence of Proto-Germanic and Proto-Scandinavian are the earliest vowel shifts in the first syllable in {{Artikkelilinkki|0122|Proto-Saami}} (e.g. <i>a</i> > <i>&#333;</i> (> <i>uo</i>)) and the change of the sibilant <i>?</i> to <i>s</i>. In borrowings from Proto-Scandinavian, a source a usually corresponds to a long <i>&#257;</i>, as in the words <i>bárdni</i> 'son, boy' (cf. Swedish <i>barn</i> 'child') and <i>láddi</i> 'peasant' (cf. Swedish <i>land</i> 'land'), but for example later consonant changes in western Saami (-<i>rn</i>- > -<i>rdn</i>- and -<i>nd</i>- > -<i>dd</i>-) have taken place in the same way as in the original words. Some further examples of Saami borrowings from Proto-Scandinavian are: 
* <i>áibmu</i> 'air, dwelling', 
* <i>ákšu</i> 'axe', 
* <i>arbi</i> 'legacy', 
* <i>biergu</i> 'flesh', 
* <i>datni</i> 'tin', 
* <i>gáhku</i> 'bread', 
* <i>gávdi</i> 'thing', 
* <i>láidet</i> 'to lead', 
* <i>lávgut</i> 'to bathe', 
* <i>mánnu</i> 'moon, month', 
* <i>niibi</i> 'knife', 
* <i>nuorti</i> 'east', 
* <i>ráidu</i> 'caravan', 
* <i>sáidi</i> 'coalfish', 
* <i>sávza</i> 'sheep' and 
* <i>vuosta</i> 'cheese'.</P>
|kirjoittaja=Ulla-Maija Kulonen
|luokat=Languages and naming
}}