Ero sivun Skolt Saami language versioiden välillä

Saamelaiskulttuurin ensyklopedia
Loikkaa: valikkoon, hakuun
Rivi 3: Rivi 3:
 
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|artikkeliteksti=<P align="justify"> Skolt Saami is spoken by appr. 300 native speakers mainly in the municipality of Inari in Finland. There are few speakers of Skolt Saami also in the Russian Federation in Murmansk area. After World War II the majority of Skolt Saamis were settled in Finland after their traditional dwelling areas were ceded to the Soviet Union. Skolt Saami has two main dialect groups 1) the Northern consisting of Neiden dialect in Norway (extinct) and the dialects of Paac*c*jokk (Paatsjoki), and Pechenga and 2) the Southern with the dialects of SuõŽnnjel (Suonikylä, southern Pechenga) and NjuõŽttjäuŽrr-SââŽrvesjäuŽrr (Notozero-Girvasozero). The neighbouring Saami languages are North and {{Artikkelilinkki|340|Inari Saami}}, also spoken in Inari and {{Artikkelilinkki|1562|Akkala}} and {{Artikkelilinkki|349|Kildin Saami}} in the east. In Inari Finnish is the language with the most speakers today. Also many ethnic Skolt Saamis of the younger generation in Finland are monolinguals in Finnish. The language is being revitalized in a language nest which has been working since 199?. </P> <P align="justify"> Characteristic feature in the phonology that distinguish Skolt Saami from {{Artikkelilinkki|1561|North Saami}} is the extremely rich vowel system with an abundancy of diphtongs: the nine vowels represent four different grades on the high/low scale (high vowels are <i>u</i> and <i>i</i>, half high <i>o, õ</i> and <i>e</i>, half low <i>å</i> and <i>â</i>, low vowels <i>a</i> and <i>ä</i>); three of these can be regarded as mid vowels on the front/back scale: <i>õ, å</i> and <i>â</i>. These vowels can be short or long, and they can be combined to diphtongs, 13 ofwhich are described in the simplified script. A further significant feature of Skolt phonology is the heavy »Umlaut» where the alternation of vowel of the unstressed syllable has had influence on the first syllable vowel (resembling the system of {{Artikkelilinkki|1563|South Saami}} with the exception that the vowel that caused the alternation often has disappeared), e.g. <i>mõõnnâp</i> 'we go' vs. <i>mâŽnne</i> 'they go', <i>kaggâd</i> 'to raise', <i>kägg</i> 's/he raises', <i>lieŽs*s*e</i> 'they were lying', <i>leäs*s*</i> 's/he is lying', <i>liäz*z*am</i> 'I am lying'; <i>puoccu</i> 'reindeer (pl.), <i>puäzz</i> 'reindeer (sg.)). The final vowels have either disappeared or they are pronounced very weakly, voiceless, and they are not written in the standard language.Also the historical final consonants have undergone more severe changes than in the {{Artikkelilinkki|1938|western Saami}} languages and that is why umlaut and other stem alternations play a significant role in grammatical functions. Palatalization is not only a characteristic of individual dental consonants (<i>nj,(l)lj</i> as in North Saami) but also a phenomenon that affects whole sequences (the consonant centre and the vowel preceding it). The palatalized sequences are marked with Ž (in front of the consonant centre). A consonant characteristic to Skolt saami and lacking in all other Saami languages is aheavily palatalized <i>k</i> (written <i>k**</i>) with its voiced counterpart <i>g**</i> (the three <i>g</i> sounds in Skolt Saami are <i>g</i>, medial plosive (as in <i>kaggâd</i> 'to raise'), <i>g**</i>, palatalized medial plosive (<i>käŽg**g**e</i> 'they raise') and <i>g*</i>, voiced fricative(?) (as in viig*g*âm'I take') </P> <P align="justify"> The noun in Skolt Saami has 9 case endings (<i>piäŽss</i> 'nest'): </P> <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>Sg.</b></TD> <TD><b>Pl.</b></TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Nominative</TD> <TD><i>piäŽss</i></TD> <TD><i>piäŽzz</i></TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Accusative</TD> <TD><i>piäŽzz</i></TD> <TD>pieŽzzid</TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Genitive</TD> <TD><i>piaŽzz</i></TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzi</i></TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Illative</TD> <TD><i>peässa</i></TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzid</i></TD> <TD>'into the nest(s)'</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Locative</TD> <TD><i>piäŽzzest</i></TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzin</i></TD> <TD>'in/from the nest(s)'</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Comitative</TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzin</i></TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzivuim</i></TD> <TD>'with the nest(s)'</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Abessive</TD> <TD><i>piäŽzztää</i></TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzitää</i></TD> <TD>'without nest(s)'</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Essive</TD> <TD><i>piäŽssen</i></TD> <TD> </TD> <TD>'as a nest'</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Partitive</TD> <TD>piäŽssed</TD> <TD> </TD> <TD>e.g. c*ic*c*âm p. '7 nests'</TD> </TR> </TABLE> <P align="justify"> The possessive suffixes are <i>-m, -n</i> in the first persons (sg. and pl.), <i>-d</i> in the second persons; the suffixes of the third persons are and -<i>s</i> (sg.) and -<i>z</i> (pl.). The case endings have often somewhat different forms in front of a possessive suffix. Dual is present only in the personal pronouns (Sg <i>mon, ton, son</i>, Dual <i>muana, tuana, suana</i>, Pl. <i>mij, tij, sij</i>) but not as an inflectional category with possessive or (verbal) personal suffixes as in North Saami. So there are six actual personal forms in the verbal inflection but also a »seventh person» form, which is used to express the action (experience) of an indefinite person. An example of the verbal inflection (<i>kuullâd</i> 'to hear', indicative mood) </P> <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>Present</b></TD> <TD><b>Past</b></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><b>Sg</b></TD> <TD><b>1<sup>st</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>kuulâm</i></TD> <TD><i>kuŽllem</i></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>2<sup>nd</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>kuulak</i></TD> <TD><i>kuŽllik*</i></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>3<sup>rd</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>kooll</i></TD> <TD>kuuli</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><b>Pl</b></TD> <TD><b>1<sup>st</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>kuullâp</i></TD> <TD><i>kuulim ~ kuulin</i></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>2<sup>nd</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>kuullveŽted</i></TD> <TD><i>kuulid</i></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>3<sup>rd</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>koŽlle ~ koŽlla</i></TD> <TD><i>kuŽlle</i></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>Indefinite</b></TD> <TD><i>kuulât</i></TD> <TD><i>kuŽlles*</i></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <P align="justify"> The Skolt Saami literary language was first established in the beginning of 1970's. Before that the language had only been written for scientific purpose with phonetic alphabet (T. I. Itkonen: Koltan ja kuolanlapin sanakirja 1958). The first introductory book in Skolt saami was »Koltansaamen opas» by Mikko korhonen, Jouni Mosnikoff and Pekka Sammallahti (1973) followed by <i>Aabbâs, jiäŽnnk**iell 1</i> by Sammallahti (1973), <i>JiäŽnnk**iõll 1A</i> (Satu Mosnikoff & Jouni Mosnikoff 1976) and <i>JiäŽnnk**iõll 2, lookkamk**eŽrjj</i> by Satu Mosnikoff (1977). Orthodox religious literature has been translated into Skolt Saami (<i>Risttoummi moŽlidvak**eŽrjj</i>, (rukouskirja) 1983, Jevvan????). Jaakko Gauriloff has written lyrics to modern saami music (CD <i>KuäŽck**k**em suäjai vueŽlln</i> Under the wings of the eagle 1991). </P> <P>Voice sample:</P><P align="justify"> Mon leäm Erkki Lumisalmi s*õddâm Aanar kåå dd Njeällem siidâst. Leäm nuõrttsämlaz*. Puärrâs lee puättâm Peäccmest mân*n*a väinn ko Peäccam joouti e pet Ruõs*s*njânnma, nu tt ko tõt lij leämmos*ki ääi jeb. Ko li jjim u cc pä rnn de mij doma maainstin pâI säämas da seämma tõn siõm siidâst puk maainste säämas, nääi t k**iõll jie li. Puärsab olmmo maainste nu bben k**iõllân ruõs*s*k**iõll de tõt k**iõll s*e leäi tõ l touddsab ko tä bbe. </P> <P align="justify"> Tä bbe mon jeälstam  vvlest U cc-Peäccmest. Leäm 20 ee jj leämmõs* djakonen tää ben säämi kõõskâst da tõn raajest mon leäm s*e mätt tjam sää*mk**iõll s*kooulin, meerlaz*s*kooulâst s*e da ooskâldõõzz. Ortodokslaz* mätk**k**pappvuõd päi k**k** lij  vvlest da mona paappi jåå tteb pukvee zz sää mjânmest da mää tk** lie kuu*k**k**. </P> <P align="justify"> Tä st tuejest lij tõ st puerr, s*to vuäz*z* ooummivuim maainsted jii jâs k**iõll ko ceerkav paapp jie siõlttâd säämas. </P> <P align="justify"> Ko jeälsteb sää mjânnmest de tääi ben mij sluu z*ab nu tt lää dd ko s*e sää mk**iõlin. Tõt lij po httâm jää nab jåå rqqlattem tuejid nu tt ceerkav ko jee res ve rg*g*nee k**k**id. Mij lee p nu tt siõmm narood da ooccainn lee p kook tuejjeep sää mk**iõllsa jåå rqqlattâm tuejaid de tõt lij tuõ jstââllam tuejid. Ko lij nu tt siõm narood ooumaz* de joudd leedd maan*gnalls*em ää s*s*in mie ldd, toubd jii jjes jee resnalls*em kulttuur ooumz*em hå ti I llä pukinää s*s*in puerr ä s*s* toubdi les*a âlgg tuejjed nu tt ko puerast põ stt. </P> <P align="justify"> Mon leäm leämmõs* sõrgg neljj ii jje Sää mtee g*g* vuäzzlan. Tõt lij po httâm mään*git ää s*s*I âlttsab. Ooskam s*to tä st tuejjeb puki säämi ää s*s*I ooudâsviikkmõs*s*e. Jiic*c* ää jstam s*to mij sää mk**iõll vâ llen jie*llvõõttsi tä st oouaŽdâs. Leäm optimist. </P> <P> (<a href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~sugl_smi/aani/Kielinaytteet/Koltansaame.mp3|voice sample}})  
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|artikkeliteksti=<P align="justify"> Skolt Saami is spoken by appr. 300 native speakers mainly in the municipality of Inari in Finland. There are few speakers of Skolt Saami also in the Russian Federation in Murmansk area. After World War II the majority of Skolt Saamis were settled in Finland after their traditional dwelling areas were ceded to the Soviet Union. Skolt Saami has two main dialect groups 1) the Northern consisting of Neiden dialect in Norway (extinct) and the dialects of Paac*c*jokk (Paatsjoki), and Pechenga and 2) the Southern with the dialects of SuõŽnnjel (Suonikylä, southern Pechenga) and NjuõŽttjäuŽrr-SââŽrvesjäuŽrr (Notozero-Girvasozero). The neighbouring Saami languages are North and {{Artikkelilinkki|340|Inari Saami}}, also spoken in Inari and {{Artikkelilinkki|1562|Akkala}} and {{Artikkelilinkki|349|Kildin Saami}} in the east. In Inari Finnish is the language with the most speakers today. Also many ethnic Skolt Saamis of the younger generation in Finland are monolinguals in Finnish. The language is being revitalized in a language nest which has been working since 199?. </P> <P align="justify"> Characteristic feature in the phonology that distinguish Skolt Saami from {{Artikkelilinkki|1561|North Saami}} is the extremely rich vowel system with an abundancy of diphtongs: the nine vowels represent four different grades on the high/low scale (high vowels are <i>u</i> and <i>i</i>, half high <i>o, õ</i> and <i>e</i>, half low <i>å</i> and <i>â</i>, low vowels <i>a</i> and <i>ä</i>); three of these can be regarded as mid vowels on the front/back scale: <i>õ, å</i> and <i>â</i>. These vowels can be short or long, and they can be combined to diphtongs, 13 ofwhich are described in the simplified script. A further significant feature of Skolt phonology is the heavy »Umlaut» where the alternation of vowel of the unstressed syllable has had influence on the first syllable vowel (resembling the system of {{Artikkelilinkki|1563|South Saami}} with the exception that the vowel that caused the alternation often has disappeared), e.g. <i>mõõnnâp</i> 'we go' vs. <i>mâŽnne</i> 'they go', <i>kaggâd</i> 'to raise', <i>kägg</i> 's/he raises', <i>lieŽs*s*e</i> 'they were lying', <i>leäs*s*</i> 's/he is lying', <i>liäz*z*am</i> 'I am lying'; <i>puoccu</i> 'reindeer (pl.), <i>puäzz</i> 'reindeer (sg.)). The final vowels have either disappeared or they are pronounced very weakly, voiceless, and they are not written in the standard language.Also the historical final consonants have undergone more severe changes than in the {{Artikkelilinkki|1938|western Saami}} languages and that is why umlaut and other stem alternations play a significant role in grammatical functions. Palatalization is not only a characteristic of individual dental consonants (<i>nj,(l)lj</i> as in North Saami) but also a phenomenon that affects whole sequences (the consonant centre and the vowel preceding it). The palatalized sequences are marked with Ž (in front of the consonant centre). A consonant characteristic to Skolt saami and lacking in all other Saami languages is aheavily palatalized <i>k</i> (written <i>k**</i>) with its voiced counterpart <i>g**</i> (the three <i>g</i> sounds in Skolt Saami are <i>g</i>, medial plosive (as in <i>kaggâd</i> 'to raise'), <i>g**</i>, palatalized medial plosive (<i>käŽg**g**e</i> 'they raise') and <i>g*</i>, voiced fricative(?) (as in viig*g*âm'I take') </P> <P align="justify"> The noun in Skolt Saami has 9 case endings (<i>piäŽss</i> 'nest'): </P> <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>Sg.</b></TD> <TD><b>Pl.</b></TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Nominative</TD> <TD><i>piäŽss</i></TD> <TD><i>piäŽzz</i></TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Accusative</TD> <TD><i>piäŽzz</i></TD> <TD>pieŽzzid</TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Genitive</TD> <TD><i>piaŽzz</i></TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzi</i></TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Illative</TD> <TD><i>peässa</i></TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzid</i></TD> <TD>'into the nest(s)'</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Locative</TD> <TD><i>piäŽzzest</i></TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzin</i></TD> <TD>'in/from the nest(s)'</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Comitative</TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzin</i></TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzivuim</i></TD> <TD>'with the nest(s)'</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Abessive</TD> <TD><i>piäŽzztää</i></TD> <TD><i>pieŽzzitää</i></TD> <TD>'without nest(s)'</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Essive</TD> <TD><i>piäŽssen</i></TD> <TD> </TD> <TD>'as a nest'</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Partitive</TD> <TD>piäŽssed</TD> <TD> </TD> <TD>e.g. c*ic*c*âm p. '7 nests'</TD> </TR> </TABLE> <P align="justify"> The possessive suffixes are <i>-m, -n</i> in the first persons (sg. and pl.), <i>-d</i> in the second persons; the suffixes of the third persons are and -<i>s</i> (sg.) and -<i>z</i> (pl.). The case endings have often somewhat different forms in front of a possessive suffix. Dual is present only in the personal pronouns (Sg <i>mon, ton, son</i>, Dual <i>muana, tuana, suana</i>, Pl. <i>mij, tij, sij</i>) but not as an inflectional category with possessive or (verbal) personal suffixes as in North Saami. So there are six actual personal forms in the verbal inflection but also a »seventh person» form, which is used to express the action (experience) of an indefinite person. An example of the verbal inflection (<i>kuullâd</i> 'to hear', indicative mood) </P> <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>Present</b></TD> <TD><b>Past</b></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><b>Sg</b></TD> <TD><b>1<sup>st</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>kuulâm</i></TD> <TD><i>kuŽllem</i></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>2<sup>nd</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>kuulak</i></TD> <TD><i>kuŽllik*</i></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>3<sup>rd</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>kooll</i></TD> <TD>kuuli</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><b>Pl</b></TD> <TD><b>1<sup>st</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>kuullâp</i></TD> <TD><i>kuulim ~ kuulin</i></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>2<sup>nd</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>kuullveŽted</i></TD> <TD><i>kuulid</i></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>3<sup>rd</sup></b></TD> <TD><i>koŽlle ~ koŽlla</i></TD> <TD><i>kuŽlle</i></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> </TD> <TD><b>Indefinite</b></TD> <TD><i>kuulât</i></TD> <TD><i>kuŽlles*</i></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <P align="justify"> The Skolt Saami literary language was first established in the beginning of 1970's. Before that the language had only been written for scientific purpose with phonetic alphabet (T. I. Itkonen: Koltan ja kuolanlapin sanakirja 1958). The first introductory book in Skolt saami was »Koltansaamen opas» by Mikko korhonen, Jouni Mosnikoff and Pekka Sammallahti (1973) followed by <i>Aabbâs, jiäŽnnk**iell 1</i> by Sammallahti (1973), <i>JiäŽnnk**iõll 1A</i> (Satu Mosnikoff & Jouni Mosnikoff 1976) and <i>JiäŽnnk**iõll 2, lookkamk**eŽrjj</i> by Satu Mosnikoff (1977). Orthodox religious literature has been translated into Skolt Saami (<i>Risttoummi moŽlidvak**eŽrjj</i>, (rukouskirja) 1983, Jevvan????). Jaakko Gauriloff has written lyrics to modern saami music (CD <i>KuäŽck**k**em suäjai vueŽlln</i> Under the wings of the eagle 1991). </P> <P>Voice sample:</P><P align="justify"> Mon leäm Erkki Lumisalmi s*õddâm Aanar kåå dd Njeällem siidâst. Leäm nuõrttsämlaz*. Puärrâs lee puättâm Peäccmest mân*n*a väinn ko Peäccam joouti e pet Ruõs*s*njânnma, nu tt ko tõt lij leämmos*ki ääi jeb. Ko li jjim u cc pä rnn de mij doma maainstin pâI säämas da seämma tõn siõm siidâst puk maainste säämas, nääi t k**iõll jie li. Puärsab olmmo maainste nu bben k**iõllân ruõs*s*k**iõll de tõt k**iõll s*e leäi tõ l touddsab ko tä bbe. </P> <P align="justify"> Tä bbe mon jeälstam  vvlest U cc-Peäccmest. Leäm 20 ee jj leämmõs* djakonen tää ben säämi kõõskâst da tõn raajest mon leäm s*e mätt tjam sää*mk**iõll s*kooulin, meerlaz*s*kooulâst s*e da ooskâldõõzz. Ortodokslaz* mätk**k**pappvuõd päi k**k** lij  vvlest da mona paappi jåå tteb pukvee zz sää mjânmest da mää tk** lie kuu*k**k**. </P> <P align="justify"> Tä st tuejest lij tõ st puerr, s*to vuäz*z* ooummivuim maainsted jii jâs k**iõll ko ceerkav paapp jie siõlttâd säämas. </P> <P align="justify"> Ko jeälsteb sää mjânnmest de tääi ben mij sluu z*ab nu tt lää dd ko s*e sää mk**iõlin. Tõt lij po httâm jää nab jåå rqqlattem tuejid nu tt ceerkav ko jee res ve rg*g*nee k**k**id. Mij lee p nu tt siõmm narood da ooccainn lee p kook tuejjeep sää mk**iõllsa jåå rqqlattâm tuejaid de tõt lij tuõ jstââllam tuejid. Ko lij nu tt siõm narood ooumaz* de joudd leedd maan*gnalls*em ää s*s*in mie ldd, toubd jii jjes jee resnalls*em kulttuur ooumz*em hå ti I llä pukinää s*s*in puerr ä s*s* toubdi les*a âlgg tuejjed nu tt ko puerast põ stt. </P> <P align="justify"> Mon leäm leämmõs* sõrgg neljj ii jje Sää mtee g*g* vuäzzlan. Tõt lij po httâm mään*git ää s*s*I âlttsab. Ooskam s*to tä st tuejjeb puki säämi ää s*s*I ooudâsviikkmõs*s*e. Jiic*c* ää jstam s*to mij sää mk**iõll vâ llen jie*llvõõttsi tä st oouaŽdâs. Leäm optimist. </P> <P> (<a href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~sugl_smi/aani/Kielinaytteet/Koltansaame.mp3|voice sample)  
 
|luokat=Languages and naming
 
|luokat=Languages and naming
 
|kirjoittaja=Ulla-Maija Kulonen}}
 
|kirjoittaja=Ulla-Maija Kulonen}}

Versio 16. heinäkuuta 2014 kello 06.32

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