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Saamelaiskulttuurin ensyklopedia
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<b>On the development and status of written Saami language</b>
 
<b>On the development and status of written Saami language</b>
  
<P align="justify">The group of the Saami languages - sámegielat - belonging to the Fenno-Ugrian languages are spoken in the areas of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia as minority languages. The present number of Saami languages is given as ten. The western group of Saami languages consists of {{Artikkelilinkki|0103|South}}, Ume, Pite, Lule and North Saami, while the eastern group comprises the {{Artikkelilinkki|0107|Inari}}, {{Artikkelilinkki|0108|Skolt}}, {{Artikkelilinkki|0109|Kildin}}, Ter and Akkala Saami languages. The Saami languages differ from each other to such a degree that the speakers of various languages do not understand each other. There are also regional variations within the languages. There are, for example, four main dialects of North Saami: East Finnmark, West Finnmark, Torne Saami and Sea Saami. There is also variation within the various dialects.</p>
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<P align="justify">The group of the Saami languages - sámegielat - belonging to the Fenno-Ugrian languages are spoken in the areas of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia as minority languages. The present number of Saami languages is given as ten. The western group of Saami languages consists of {{Artikkelilinkki|0103|South}}, {{Artikkelilinkki|0104|Ume}}, {{Artikkelilinkki|0105|Pite}}, {{Artikkelilinkki|0106|Lule}} and {{Artikkelilinkki|0102|North Saami}}, while the eastern group comprises the {{Artikkelilinkki|0107|Inari}}, {{Artikkelilinkki|0108|Skolt}}, {{Artikkelilinkki|0109|Kildin}}, Ter and Akkala Saami languages. The Saami languages differ from each other to such a degree that the speakers of various languages do not understand each other. There are also regional variations within the languages. There are, for example, four main dialects of North Saami: East Finnmark, West Finnmark, Torne Saami and Sea Saami. There is also variation within the various dialects.</p>
  
<P align="justify">The history of written Saami dates from 1557, when the English sea captain Stephen Borrough drew up a list of 95 words and phrases of the Saami language spoken in Yokanga in Russia. The first text in Saami, a primer by Nicolaus Andreae, a clergyman of Pite, was published in 1619. Johannes Schefferus's Lapponia from 1673 contains two joikha poems by the Kemi Saami Olaus Sirma, Guldnasas and Moarsi favrrot.</p>
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<P align="justify">The history of written Saami dates from 1557, when the English sea captain Stephen Borrough drew up a list of 95 words and phrases of the Saami language spoken in Yokanga in Russia. The first text in Saami, a primer by Nicolaus Andreae, a clergyman of Pite, was published in 1619. Johannes Schefferus's Lapponia from 1673 contains two joikha poems by the Kemi Saami Olaus Sirma, <i>Guldnasas</i> and <i>Moarsi favrrot</i>.</p>
  
<P align="justify">North Saami can be regarded as the shared language of the Saami of the so-called Calotte Area, the northern regions of Finland, Norway and Sweden. Approximately 70% of the Saami population of Finland speak North Saami. The first book in which written North Saami was used, was the almost 1000-page Manuale Lapponicum, partly written in Saami by Johannes Tornaeus and published in the Saami region of Sweden as early as 1648. In the early 18th century, growing demands were voiced in Sweden-Finland and Denmark-Norway for teaching the Saami and converting them to Christianity, and owing to missionary activity interest in the written idiom increased. Norwegian missionary work led to progress in the development of written North Saami. The most important contributions to developing and promoting written Saami were made in the 18th and 19th century by Knud Leem, Rasmus Rask, Nils Vibe Stockfleth and J. A. Friis. Konrad Nielsen's four-volume Lappisk ordbok Lapp Dictionary appeared between 1932 and 1962. Literature in the North Saami language was already published in the past century. Classic status was achieved by Johan Turi's Muittalus samiid birra ("A Tale of the Saami") from 1910. There have been as many as thirteen different orthographies of North Saami and there have been standards in the respective countries. After almost a decade of preparation, a joint North Saami orthography was approved at the Saami Conference of 1978. The new orthography launched a renaissance of literary use for the North Saami language.</p>
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<P align="justify">North Saami can be regarded as the shared language of the Saami of the so-called Calotte Area, the northern regions of Finland, Norway and Sweden. Approximately 70% of the Saami population of Finland speak North Saami. The first book in which written North Saami was used, was the almost 1000-page Manuale Lapponicum, partly written in Saami by Johannes {{Artikkelilinkki|1648|Tornaeus}} and published in the Saami region of Sweden as early as 1648. In the early 18<sup>th</sup> century, growing demands were voiced in Sweden-Finland and Denmark-Norway for teaching the Saami and converting them to Christianity, and owing to missionary activity interest in the written idiom increased. Norwegian missionary work led to progress in the development of written North Saami. The most important contributions to developing and promoting written Saami were made in the 18th and 19th century by Knud Leem, Rasmus Rask, Nils Vibe Stockfleth and J. A. Friis. Konrad Nielsen's four-volume Lappisk ordbok Lapp Dictionary appeared between 1932 and 1962. Literature in the North Saami language was already published in the past century. Classic status was achieved by Johan Turi's <i>Muittalus samiid birra</i> ("A Tale of the Saami") from 1910. There have been as many as thirteen different orthographies of North Saami and there have been standards in the respective countries. After almost a decade of preparation, a joint North Saami orthography was approved at the Saami Conference of 1978. The new orthography launched a renaissance of literary use for the North Saami language.</p>
  
<P align="justify">Speakers of Skolt Saami presently live in two countries, Finland and Russia. The Skolt Saami language of the Neiden area in Norway has disappeared. Some 15% of Finland's speakers of Saami as a their mother tongue use Skolt Saami. In Finland this language is used in the home and in school, although there have been signs since the 1960s that Finnish is gradually taking the place of Skolt Saami. Since 1993 language teaching for children under school age has been arranged to revive Skolt Saami. In 1958 T. I. Itkonen published a major dictionary of Skolt and Kola Saami. The present orthography of Skolt Saami has been developed by Mikko Korhonen, Pekka Sammallahti and Jouni Moshnikoff. A Skolt Saami primer in the new orthography was published in 1973, followed by Pekka Sammallahti's and Jouni Moshnikoff's Finnish- Skolt Saami dictionary, Suomi-koltansaame sanakirja. Lää'dd-sää'm sää'nnke'rjj in 1991. Satu Moshnikoff edited the anthology Maaddârää´jji mainnâz (Tales of the Forefathers) in 1992. This collection of tales also appeared in the form of five cassette tapes in the same year. Literature is represented by two works by the Skolt Saami writer Claudia Fofonoff, PââSjogg Laulli (Songs of Paatsjoki, 1988) a collection of tales and poems, and Jânnam muttum nuu´bbioo´ri (Land turned upside down 1999), a book of poems.</p>
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<P align="justify">Speakers of Skolt Saami presently live in two countries, Finland and Russia. The Skolt Saami language of the Neiden area in Norway has disappeared. Some 15% of Finland's speakers of Saami as a their mother tongue use Skolt Saami. In Finland this language is used in the home and in school, although there have been signs since the 1960s that Finnish is gradually taking the place of Skolt Saami. Since 1993 language teaching for children under school age has been arranged to revive Skolt Saami. In 1958 T. I. Itkonen published a major dictionary of Skolt and Kola Saami. The present orthography of Skolt Saami has been developed by Mikko Korhonen, Pekka Sammallahti and Jouni Moshnikoff. A Skolt Saami primer in the new orthography was published in 1973, followed by Pekka Sammallahti's and Jouni Moshnikoff's Finnish- Skolt Saami dictionary, Suomi-koltansaame sanakirja. <i>Lää´dd-sää´m sää´nnke´rjj</i> in 1991. Satu Moshnikoff edited the anthology <i>Maaddârää´jji mainnâz</i> (Tales of the Forefathers) in 1992. This collection of tales also appeared in the form of five cassette tapes in the same year. Literature is represented by two works by the Skolt Saami writer Claudia Fofonoff, <i>Pââččjogg Laulli</i> (Songs of Paatsjoki, 1988) a collection of tales and poems, and <i>Jânnam muttum nuu´bbioo´ri</> (Land turned upside down 1999), a book of poems.</p>
  
<P align="justify">The joint written form of the Saami languages spoken in the Kola Peninsula (Kildin, Akkala and Ter) is based on Kildin Saami, which was given official status in 1982 and employs the Cyrillic alphabet. According to a study from 1994, there are some 700 estimated speakers of Kildin Saami, Akkala and Ter Saami are respectively spoken by less than ten persons. The main site of the Kildin Saami is Lovozero (Luujaavv'r), with a Saami population of roughly 700 and a museum presenting the history of the Luujärvi region. There are some twenty speakers of the Nuortijärvi (Njuõ´ttjäu´rr, Notozero) dialect of Skolt Saami living on the shores of the lake of the same name. The amount of literature published in Saami in Russia is very small. In 1878 Arvid Genetz published Matkamuisteluksia Venäjän Lapista (Travels in Russian Lapland) and in 1891 his renowned dictionary and study of Skolt Saami (Kuollan Lapin murteiden sanakirja ynnä kielinäytteitä). The new orthography has been used in textbooks, dictionaries (Saami-Russian, Kildin Saami - North Saami), literature and a few children's books. Published in 1989 was Jaella (Life), an anthology of verse by Oktjabrina Voironova (1934-1990) the first author to write in the Ter Saami language. She had previously published poems in Russian.</p>
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<P align="justify">The joint written form of the Saami languages spoken in the Kola Peninsula (Kildin, Akkala and Ter) is based on Kildin Saami, which was given official status in 1982 and employs the Cyrillic alphabet. According to a study from 1994, there are some 700 estimated speakers of Kildin Saami, Akkala and Ter Saami are respectively spoken by less than ten persons. The main site of the Kildin Saami is Lovozero (Luujaavv´r), with a Saami population of roughly 700 and a museum presenting the history of the Luujärvi region. There are some twenty speakers of the Nuortijärvi (Njuõ´ttjäu´rr, Notozero) dialect of Skolt Saami living on the shores of the lake of the same name. The amount of literature published in Saami in Russia is very small. In 1878 Arvid Genetz published Matkamuisteluksia Venäjän Lapista (Travels in Russian Lapland) and in 1891 his renowned dictionary and study of Skolt Saami (Kuollan Lapin murteiden sanakirja ynnä kielinäytteitä). The new orthography has been used in textbooks, dictionaries (Saami-Russian, Kildin Saami - North Saami), literature and a few children's books. Published in 1989 was Jaella (Life), an anthology of verse by Oktjabrina Voironova (1934-1990) the first author to write in the Ter Saami language. She had previously published poems in Russian.</p>
  
<P align="justify">Inari Saami is the mother tongue of some 15 % of the Saami-speaking population of Finland. The role of written Inari Saami has gained ground over the past few years. Its orthography was given official status at the Saami Conference of 1996. The basis for written Inari Saami was created by Dean Lauri Arvid Itkonen in his translation of Bible history from 1906. Many researchers have collected Inari Saami material since the 19th century. In 1917 A. V. Koskimies published Inarinlappalaista kansantietoutta, a work on Inari Saami folklore, of which a new edition was issued in 1979. T.I. Itkonen also published collected Inari Saami material, in the journals of the Kalevala Society (KSV 14, 15, 17 and 18) and in other connections. Prominent researchers of Inari Saami in the 20th century were Frans Äimä, who compiled a large collection of linguistic material and Erkki Itkonen, whose publications include Inarinsaamelaisia kielennäytteitä from 1992 and the Inarilappisches Wörterbuch I-IV from 1986 - 1991. Pekka Sammallahti's and Matti Morottaja's dictionary Säämi-suoma sänikirje. Inarilaissaamelais-suomalainen sanakirja appeared in 1993. The Inari language society Anarâskielâ Servi founded in 1986, promotes the status and use of Inari Saami. The society actively publishes textbooks, literatu re on folklore, a newspaper and a calendar. Oral tradition and the recollection of past times still live on in pioneer works of published Inari Saami literature. As active members of the society, Iisakki and Ilmari Mattus have both published autobiographical memoirs and the teacher Matti Morottaja has edited an anthology of tales entitled Tovlááh mainâseh.</p>
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<P align="justify">Inari Saami is the mother tongue of some 15 % of the Saami-speaking population of Finland. The role of written Inari Saami has gained ground over the past few years. Its orthography was given official status at the Saami Conference of 1996. The basis for written Inari Saami was created by Dean Lauri Arvid Itkonen in his translation of Bible history from 1906. Many researchers have collected Inari Saami material since the 19th century. In 1917 A. V. Koskimies published <i>Inarinlappalaista kansantietoutta</i>, a work on Inari Saami folklore, of which a new edition was issued in 1979. T.I. Itkonen also published collected Inari Saami material, in the journals of the Kalevala Society (KSV 14, 15, 17 and 18) and in other connections. Prominent researchers of Inari Saami in the 20th century were Frans Äimä, who compiled a large collection of linguistic material and Erkki Itkonen, whose publications include Inarinsaamelaisia kielennäytteitä from 1992 and the Inarilappisches Wörterbuch I-IV from 1986 - 1991. Pekka Sammallahti's and Matti Morottaja's dictionary <i>Säämi-suoma sänikirje</i>. <i>Inarilaissaamelais-suomalainen sanakirja</i> appeared in 1993. The Inari language society <i>Anarâskielâ Servi</i> founded in 1986, promotes the status and use of Inari Saami. The society actively publishes textbooks, literatu re on folklore, a newspaper and a calendar. Oral tradition and the recollection of past times still live on in pioneer works of published Inari Saami literature. As active members of the society, Iisakki and Ilmari Mattus have both published autobiographical memoirs and the teacher Matti Morottaja has edited an anthology of tales entitled <i>Tovlááh mainâseh</i>.</p>
  
<P align="justify">Work on developing Lule Saami began in the 19th century, when Lars Levi Laestadius published a 21-page religious booklet entitled Hålaitattem Ristagasa ja Satte almatja kaskan. The orthography of Lule Saami was revised in the 1970s and approved at the Saami Conference of 1983. Anta Pirak's autobiographical work Jåhttee saamee viessoom was published in 1937. This book is one of the most important works in the history of literature in the Saami language. Several dictionaries of Lule Saami have apepared, including Lulelappisches Wörterbuch (19461954) by Harald Grundström and Olavi Korhonen's Bákkogir'je julevusámes dárrui, dárros julevusábmái. Lulesamisk-svensk, svensk-lulesamisk ordbok (1979). Several children's books and works of poetry have appeared in Lule Saami in recent years. The most prolific writer in the Lule Saami language is Stig Gaelok (born 1961), who has published some ten works since 1983, particularly verse.</p>
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<P align="justify">Work on developing Lule Saami began in the 19th century, when Lars Levi Laestadius published a 21-page religious booklet entitled <i>Hålaitattem Ristagasa ja Satte almatja kaskan</i>. The orthography of Lule Saami was revised in the 1970s and approved at the Saami Conference of 1983. Anta Pirak's autobiographical work Jåhttee saamee viessoom was published in 1937. This book is one of the most important works in the history of literature in the Saami language. Several dictionaries of Lule Saami have apepared, including Lulelappisches Wörterbuch (1946-1954) by Harald Grundström and Olavi Korhonen's <i>Bákkogir'je julevusámes dárrui, dárros julevusábmái. Lulesamisk-svensk, svensk-lulesamisk ordbok</i> (1979). Several children's books and works of poetry have appeared in Lule Saami in recent years. The most prolific writer in the Lule Saami language is Stig Gaelok (born 1961), who has published some ten works since 1983, particularly verse.</p>
  
<P align="justify">The written form of South Saami is based on northern Ume Saami. In 1738 Petrus Fjellström, a teacher and clergyman of Lycksele published the Small Catechism, a Saami grammar and a Swedish-Saami dictionary, thus establishing a written form of South Saami. The present orthography of South Saami was created by Ella Holm Bull and Knut Bergsland and was approved at the Saami Conference of 1976. A dictionary, grammar and textbooks have appeared in the new orthography. Knut Bergsland published his Sydsamisk grammatikk in 1994, and the dictionary Åarjelsaemien-daaroen baakoegaerja. Sydsamisk-norsk ordbok in 1993 in collaboration with Lajla Mattson Magga. Literature in the South Saami language did not begin to appear until the 1970s, in the Càllagat series, among others. The first separate work was the children's book Dågkangaerja-Dåkkagir'ji (Doll Book) published by the teacher Laila Mattson (later Mattson Magga) in 1978. The first book of poems in the South Saami language Gaaltjie (1987) was written by Gaebpien Gåsta, Gustav Kappfjell, a 74-year-old Norwegian Saami. Most of the recent publications, such as children's books, are, however, translations.</p>
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<P align="justify">The written form of South Saami is based on northern Ume Saami. In 1738 Petrus Fjellström, a teacher and clergyman of Lycksele published the Small Catechism, a Saami grammar and a Swedish-Saami dictionary, thus establishing a written form of South Saami. The present orthography of South Saami was created by Ella Holm Bull and Knut Bergsland and was approved at the Saami Conference of 1976. A dictionary, grammar and textbooks have appeared in the new orthography. Knut Bergsland published his Sydsamisk grammatikk in 1994, and the dictionary <i>Åarjelsaemien-daaroen baakoegaerja</i>. <i>Sydsamisk-norsk ordbok</i> in 1993 in collaboration with Lajla Mattson Magga. Literature in the South Saami language did not begin to appear until the 1970s, in the Càllagat series, among others. The first separate work was the children's book <i>Dågkangaerja-Dåkkagir'ji</i> (Doll Book) published by the teacher Laila Mattson (later Mattson Magga) in 1978. The first book of poems in the South Saami language Gaaltjie (1987) was written by Gaebpien Gåsta, Gustav Kappfjell, a 74-year-old Norwegian Saami. Most of the recent publications, such as children's books, are, however, translations.</p>
  
 
<P align="justify">Since the 1970s the Saami languages have come into growing use in different sectors of society, such as education and the media. Background factors of these developments are the rise of the Saami movement and an overall Saami renaissance. Until the 1960s and 1970s Nordic assimilation policies concerning the Saami threatened their culture and language, in turn strengthening political activism among the Saami. The Saami movement has achieved the official recognition of the Saami as indigenous peoples in the constitutions of Norway, Finland and Sweden at the turn of the 1990s. Cultural autonomy was ensured for the Saami in their own regions and the Saami Parliament - Sámediggi - was established in Norway, Finland and Sweden, to implement these policies.</p>
 
<P align="justify">Since the 1970s the Saami languages have come into growing use in different sectors of society, such as education and the media. Background factors of these developments are the rise of the Saami movement and an overall Saami renaissance. Until the 1960s and 1970s Nordic assimilation policies concerning the Saami threatened their culture and language, in turn strengthening political activism among the Saami. The Saami movement has achieved the official recognition of the Saami as indigenous peoples in the constitutions of Norway, Finland and Sweden at the turn of the 1990s. Cultural autonomy was ensured for the Saami in their own regions and the Saami Parliament - Sámediggi - was established in Norway, Finland and Sweden, to implement these policies.</p>

Versio 4. joulukuuta 2014 kello 15.45

Ensyklopedian käyttöohjeet

Saamelaiskulttuurin ensyklopedian artikkeleissa käsitellään mm. saamen kieltä, historiaa, suullista perinnettä, kirjallisuutta, musiikkia, taloutta, sekä ympäristöä, elinkeinoja, oikeuksia, koulutusta, taidetta ja yhteiskunnallisia oloja. Saamelaiskulttuurille ominaisia ilmiöitä tarkastellaan ennen kaikkea kulttuurinsisäisestä näkökulmasta. Henkilöartikkeleissa esitellään kulttuurivaikuttajia ja kulttuurin tekijöitä: saamelaisia kirjailijoita, taiteilijoita, laulajia, poliitikkoja ja Saamenmaan varhaisimpia tutkijoita. Ensyklopediaan sisältyy myös noin 50 saamelaiskulttuuriin liittyvän sanan etymologinen lista. Ympäristöä eli saamelaiskulttuurin materiaalista perustaa käsitellään maisemaa, ympäristö- ja lumikäsitteitä, sekä eläimistöä ja kasvistoa kuvaavissa artikkeleissa.

Hakusana-artikkelit on jaoteltu eri aihekokonaisuuksien sisään aakkosjärjestyksessä. Kokonaisuuksia ensyklopediassa on 18, ja eri aihekokonaisuudet ovat Alueet ja paikannimet, Arkeologia, Elinkeinot ja liikkuminen, Historia, Kasvatus ja koulutus, Kielet ja nimitykset, Kirjallisuus ja taiteet, Kristinusko ja kirkko, Materiaalinen kulttuuri, Media, Perinteinen hengellisyys ja suullinen perinne, Saamelaisorganisaatiot ja järjestäytyminen, Sanojen etymologia, Tapakulttuuri, Tunnettuja saamelaisia ja muita henkilöitä, Tutkimus ja tutkimushistoria, Väestö ja väestöntutkimus sekä Ympäristö. Tiettyä artikkelia tai aihetta voi etsiä sivun hakutoiminnon avulla tai ensyklopediaa voi selailla sisällysluettelon kautta aihekokonaisuuksina. Tietyn aiheen tai sivun hakutuloksissa näkyvät ne artikkelit, joiden otsikossa tai itse tekstissä hakusana mainitaan.



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The articles in the Encyclopaedia of Saami culture present i.e, Saami languages, history, oral tradition, literature, music, economy, environment, livelihoods, rights, education, arts, and societal conditions. The cultural concepts and terms that are characteristic to Saami culture are discussed primarily from an intra-cultural perspective. The biographical articles present important historical and contemporary cultural figures, including: Saami authors, artists, singers, politicians, and also some of the earliest researchers of Sápmi. The Encyclopaedia also contains so-called reference entries, and an etymological list of 50 Saami culture terms. Nature is regarded as the material basis of Saami culture and is discussed in the articles of landscape, nature, snow, flora and fauna.

The keywords for each articles are categorized in different entities in alphabetical order. There are 18 different entities in the Encyclopaedia, which are Archaeology, Christianity and missionary work, Education, Environment, Etymology, History, Languages and peoples, Literature and arts, Material culture, Means of livelihood and transport, Media, Notable people in Saami history and society, Population and demography, Practices and customs, Regions and place names, Reseach and research history, Saami organizations and associations and Traditional spiritualism and oral tradition. Specific articles or themes can be searched by using the search tool, and the Encyclopaedia can also be browsed through the table of contents. When searching for a specific theme or page via the search tool, articles containing the keyword in their title or text will appear.



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